Technology Transfer and Commercialization Models and Policies in India, USA, China and Malaysia: A Conceptual Review
Ajay Kumar Singh
School of Liberal Arts and Management, DIT University, Uttarakhand – 248009, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Technology transfer (TT) and technology commercialization (TC) have a significant contribution to increase the use of existing technologies and innovation of research institutions and universities in manufacturing sector and business activities. Accordingly, TT and TC bring several positive implications for government, businessmen, research universities, researchers and scientists, and common people in a nation. India has adopted several science & Technology (S&T) and intellectual property rights (IPRs) policies to increase TT and TC after independence. Despite that, India does not have better position in technology transfer and technology commercialization as compared to other Asian countries. Therefore, this study provides a discussion on technology commercialization (TC) and technology transfer (TT) related policies for India, USA, China and Malaysia based on existing literature. Subsequently, it also includes the various models on TT and TC adopted by aforementioned countries based on previous studies. It is helpful to select a consistent model for TC and TT for Indian research institutions and universities. However, it is an apparent that most research organizations have an involvement in TC and TT as per the prescribed rule by respective funding agencies in India. Therefore, there is no uniform policy to increase TC and TT at large scale in Indian research institutions. It is also seemed that there is an incompatible policy framework for TC and TT in India as compared to USA and China. Thus, it is advised that India needs to adopt vertical and horizontal models to increase TT and TC in research institutions. Furthermore, it includes significant aspects of TC and TT to increase the attentions of Indian policy makers, development thinker, industries, research institutions, researchers and scientists to implement a uniform policy in India. Finally, it also provides several policy proposals for India to increase its position in S&T, IPRs, TT and TC among the globally competitive countries.
Keywords: Technology transfer and commercialization, models for technology commercialization, intellectual property rights, India, USA, China, Malaysia